You need mechanism to know that external system finished updating your data.
Guess it is some table (SYNC_TBL for instance) in SQL Server that external system inserts to or updates some record to notify end of update by external system.
If You need to:
- start your job as soon as updating is finished - put trigger on SYNC_TBL table and execute job using sp_start_job.
- start your job some time after updating is finished - schedule job to run every 15 minutes and check SYNC_TBL in the first step to see whether your job should proceed or not
Note that You need to have another check on external system side: updating data probably should not start again until job finishes its execution. You can use column Processed BIT in SYNC_TBL to mark whether data is processed by your job or not.