The Google Finance API is available for use by all web scripting languages. All the API is is a description of and instructions on how to utilize their REST service. You use something like cURL in PHP to call to their REST service and retrieve the results output by it in XML format, and then parse the XML to display, store, whatever the information retreived.
Note that even though they don t have an example for PHP like they do for many of their APIs, their APIs still all use the same sort of system, so the examples provided for something like the Google Spreadsheets Data API or the Google Documents List API would be valid for getting a starting point on the Google Finance API. The difference between them would be the parameters passed, the data returned, and the url which you would be calling with the parameters to get the data.